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在近代歷史上，人們對(duì)性別平等的態(tài)度有了相當(dāng)大的改善。然而，由于職業(yè)發(fā)展、對(duì)女性的認(rèn)識(shí)和認(rèn)知等方面仍存在系統(tǒng)性偏見，不平等在許多領(lǐng)域仍然存在，這也包括計(jì)算材料研究子領(lǐng)域。解決公平方面的問題符合所有人的利益。針對(duì)科學(xué)研究，包容性是至關(guān)重要的，這不僅是從倫理的角度來(lái)看，而且對(duì)于吸引和留住敬業(yè)和有才華的頭腦、增強(qiáng)領(lǐng)域的活力、培養(yǎng)各種各樣的思維都是如此。代表和思維的多樣性可以提高一個(gè)人類的集體智慧，提高生產(chǎn)力，并提高我們計(jì)算材料研究者在該領(lǐng)域得持續(xù)性。此外，代表全體民眾對(duì)于確?？茖W(xué)對(duì)社會(huì)需求負(fù)責(zé)和相關(guān)也是必要的。

Fig. 1 Trends in the percentage of undergraduate and graduate?degrees awarded to women in the United States of America,?National Center for Education Statistics5.?

Arrow widths are?proportional to the rate of increase. Trendlines were determined?through regularized linear regression.

來(lái)自英國(guó)華威大學(xué)化學(xué)系的Livia B. Pártay等，通過(guò)對(duì)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的引用和分析，回顧了當(dāng)前女性在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和障礙。根據(jù)美國(guó)教育統(tǒng)計(jì)中心報(bào)告，特別是美國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)按學(xué)科和性別頒發(fā)的學(xué)位數(shù)量，在過(guò)去30年里，授予女性研究生學(xué)位的比例在所有領(lǐng)域都得到穩(wěn)步上升，但科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)(STEM)學(xué)科的男女本科生之間的差距仍然很大。

Fig. 2 Percentages of female faculty across ranks, as reported by?the Academic Analytics Research Center (https://aarcresearch.com/data).?

Striped bars indicate faculty of unknown?gender. Here we use the American-style professorial ranks, where an?“assistant” professor refers to a pre-tenure junior professor, an?“associate” professor refers to a post-tenure mid-level professor, and?a “full” professor refers to a senior-level tenured professor.

造成女性在STEM環(huán)境中面臨的障礙通常可以總結(jié)為：無(wú)意識(shí)偏見，關(guān)于女性適合這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的刻板印象；居里夫人策略，被認(rèn)為是女性成功所必需的特殊人格特質(zhì)；關(guān)懷的責(zé)任，期望女性承擔(dān)照顧孩子的主要負(fù)擔(dān)；知名度低，排斥女科學(xué)家，缺乏杰出的榜樣。這些偏差和障礙可以通過(guò)一系列不同的測(cè)量方式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)：從認(rèn)知方面來(lái)說(shuō)，論文引用率低、推薦信短、較低的資金、獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)不平等、學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)；從工作環(huán)境來(lái)說(shuō)，較少的交際機(jī)會(huì)、不成比例的工作量。

Fig. 3 A Summary of gender inequity causes, manifestations, and responses.

Many of these phenomena are interrelated, and it is important?to take a multi-pronged approach to addressing the causes and manifestations of these inequities. Individual images obtained through the?Noun Project (thenounproject.com).

解決障礙最重要的就是承認(rèn)偏見的存在，然后采取實(shí)際行動(dòng)，如無(wú)意識(shí)偏見識(shí)別和解決社會(huì)刻板印象的培訓(xùn)；改變檢查性別偏見的敘述，向不同的學(xué)生群體展示和宣傳研究目標(biāo)；增加知名度和指導(dǎo)，以鼓勵(lì)歸屬感和專業(yè)信心；通過(guò)在體制政策和非正式互動(dòng)中灌輸包容性來(lái)改善環(huán)境；改革資金和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度，以提高透明度，并將成就衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擴(kuò)大到出版物之外；通過(guò)引用多樣性聲明和其他工具檢查引文和推薦中的性別偏見。本篇論文對(duì)計(jì)算材料研究領(lǐng)域中的性別不平等進(jìn)行了總結(jié)，希望可以提高科學(xué)界的認(rèn)識(shí)，并推動(dòng)學(xué)術(shù)界走向更公平的環(huán)境。該文近期發(fā)布于npj?Computational Materials?9: 98 (2023)。

Fig. 4 Usage of artificial intelligence. Would you use an AI tool to?create graphics for your presentation or visual communications??

Four computational materials scientists having a research discussion, as?imagined by the AI tool images.ai, only depicts older white men.

Editorial Summary

The unequal treatment faced by women in computational materials research

While attitudes on gender equity and parity have considerably improved in recent history, there are still measurable inequities stemming from systemic bias in the career progression, recognition, and perception of women in the sciences, including our sub-field of computational materials research. Addressing the obstacles to equity is in everyone’s interest. Making research inclusive is critical, not only from an ethical standpoint, but also for attracting and retaining dedicated and talented minds, enhancing the vibrancy of all fields, and nurturing a diverse range of ideas. Diversity in representation and thought can increase a group’s collective intelligence, improve productivity, and improve retention in growing fields such as ours. Representation of the entire populace is also necessary for ensuring that science is responsible and relevant to societal needs.?

In? a??perspective, Livia B. Pártay et al. from the Department of Chemistry at the University of Warwick, UK, reviewed the current challenges and barriers for women in science, citing data and analysis from the literature. Based on the number of degrees awarded by subject and gender by US academic institutions reported by the US Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), the authors demonstrated that the proportion of graduate degrees awarded to women has steadily increased in all fields over the past 30 years, but the gap between male and female undergraduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines often still looms large. The barriers that women face in STEM environments can often be summed up as: Unconscious biases- stereotypes about women’s fitness for the field, the Marie Curie Strategy-special personality traits deemed necessary for a woman’s success, Caring Responsibilities-expectation that woman assume the primary burden of caretaking, Decreased Visibility-exclusion of woman scientists and lack of prominent role models. These biases and barriers can be measured in a range of different ways, from a cognitive perspective, such as low citation rates, short letters of recommendation, lower funding, award inequality, gendered student evaluations, in terms of the working environment, decreased networking opportunities, disproportionate workload. The first step in addressing the barriers is to acknowledge the existence of bias and then take practical action, such as unconscious bias training to identify and address social stereotypes, changing the narrative to show and advertise the goals of research to diverse student populations, improving visibility and mentoring to encourage belonging and professional confidence, improving environments by installing inclusiveness in institutional policies and informal interactions, reforming funding and awards to increase transparency and broaden accomplishment metrics beyond publications, checking gender-bias in citations and recommendations through Citation Diversity Statement (CDS) and other tools. This paper summarizes the gender inequality in the field of computational materials research, hoping to raise awareness in the scientific community and move academia towards a more equitable environment.?This article was recently?published in?npj?Computational Materials?9,?98?(2023).

原文文題、作者

Not yet defect-free: the current landscape for women in computational materials research (尚不完美：計(jì)算材料研究中女性的現(xiàn)狀)

Livia B.?Pártay,?Erin G. Teich?&?Rose K. Cersonsky

原創(chuàng)文章，作者：計(jì)算搬磚工程師，如若轉(zhuǎn)載，請(qǐng)注明來(lái)源華算科技，注明出處：http://www.xiubac.cn/index.php/2024/01/27/d9bdfae543/

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計(jì)算材料研究中女性面臨的不平等對(duì)待

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